Censorship+in+film+(Amelia)

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 * 1909- People's institute in New York City created "New York Board of Motion Picture Censorship which stated movies had to be approved by the board to be released
 * became "The National Board of Censorship" to reflect its importance
 * Federal Motion Picture Censorship Commission said "no copyright should be issued for any film which has not previously received the certificate and seal of the commission"
 * religious people responded greatly to any film which content was not censored
 * 1915- state censorship in motion pictures declared constitutional by U.S. supreme court
 * Mutual Film Corporation vs. Ohio Industrial Commission
 * by early 1930's 1/3 of American film audience moved to areas controlled by state movie censors
 * 1922- trade association between Hollywood studios and distributors called "The Motion Picture Producers and Distributors of America"
 * William Hays was first president of MPPDA
 * 23 years he was the president
 * The Studio Relations Committee- made by the MPPDA, regulated film content by making a branch to oversee moral values and other things in films
 * 1927- they made "Dont's and Be Carefuls" list of rules for movies
 * of the 572 films submitted to censorship boards in 1928, only 42 passed
 * 1929- 50% of movie theaters were wired for sound by now
 * "Motion Picture Production Code" called for a varied jury to judge motion pictures on their appropriateness
 * MPPC made on March 31, 1930
 * MPPC is also known as "Hays Code"
 * this only made motion pictures challenge the states
 * 1934- Catholic Bishops established "the Legion of Decency"
 * The Legion of Decency- a group that evaluated the content of movies, and stayed away from some motion pictures, but the ones that offend decency and christian morality
 * boycotts happened and immediate attention had to be made
 * June 13, 1934- SRC renamed the production Code administration (PCA)
 * new idea where any film passed by the PCA would have a sticker with MPDDA seal on it
 * without this seal, no movie could show into any theater or be distributed by any MPDDA member
 * major theaters took up 70% of Americas film world
 * PCA was given authority to review and delete any film it found immoral
 * jury was removed, and PCA could impose a 25, 000 dollar fine to any film company that tried to make changes to a film after it received the certified seal
 * only way PCA could be overturned was an appeal to the MPPDA
 * this was rarely allowed
 * the motion picture production code said "the sympathy of the audience shall never be thrown at the side of crime, wrongdoing, evil, or sin"
 * 1940, the code became resistant around world war 2
 * first successful appeal to the MPPDA made by Howard Hughes saying it was ridiculous because the PCA ordered him to cut out 37 specific shots when his actress was a little revealing in "The Outlaw"
 * Little to no changes were made and it went on shelves and was a major box office seller
 * 1945- Hays retired and it became known as the Motion Picture Assosiatioon of America
 * relaxed PCA guidelines began to grow
 * 1948- Paramount Decision- ordered motion picture film makers to release themselves from their restraint
 * theaters lost customers and the supreme court passed this to make them get back in the bussiness with more cutting edge movies
 * November 1, 1968- voluntary movie classification system created- said each movie gets assigned a rating based on its content and the way it's handled
 * these ratings were basically warnings to the people
 * The MPAA still displayed at a films credits and ratings are still in affect
 * Marie, Hayley. "Film Censorship is for Everyone." //© 2006-2009 Copyright Stanza Ltd. All Rights Reserved.// 03/012/2007 Web.20 Apr 2009. .
 * Marie, Hayley. "Film Censorship is for Everyone." //© 2006-2009 Copyright Stanza Ltd. All Rights Reserved.// 03/012/2007 Web.20 Apr 2009. .


 * films for children are rarely censored
 * movies that are censored are mainly for adult audiences
 * opinions on censorship in film come from culture, governmental control, and general public debate
 * most films get cut outs of scenes because of the censorship law
 * Australia and U.K. use different classifying systems like everyone
 * MPAA uses parent method
 * Parent Method- where movies are classified by rating boards filled with people who view them in a parents point of view
 * the MPAA bases its ratings on what the parents want the children to see
 * if G movies audiences get a higher rating, the producers can re-edit or re-evaluate the film
 * the MPAA suggests editing to films to fit a solid rating
 * American films can be distributed to other countries with a classification
 * there's a difference between the theatrical release and the directors cut
 * Australian government uses the Classification Act of 1995
 * Classification system uses four methods:
 * 1.adults read, hear, and see what they want
 * 2.minors are protected from material that would harm or disturb them
 * 3.everyone should be protected from material that is offensive
 * 4.people need to take account of local and community opinions
 * three key elements when a movie is being reviewed: the material cannot conflict with the law, is the material harmful, and is the material acceptable to the board
 * three major movie review organizations: MPAA, OFLC, and BBFC

Corliss, Richard. "Censoring the Movie Censors." //© 2009 Time Inc. All rights reserved// (2009) Web.20 Apr 2009. . > Boucher, Tim. "Film Noir and Censorship." //All Articles © 2006 by their respective authors. Used here with permission// 26/007/2006 Web.20 Apr 2009. .
 * The U.S. form of censorship in movies differs from other countries greatly
 * most countries use rating boards
 * set an age and if you're not of age, you can't see the film
 * France and Germany- ages 12, 16, and 18
 * Britain- 12, 15, and 18
 * Japan- 15 and 18
 * in any country, over 18 can see whatever films pass
 * The U.S. system is controlled mainly by the 6 major film studios that constitute the MPAA
 * rated R and NC- 17 ratings keep kids out of theaters
 * the rating system is mandatory to film makers
 * Hays Code
 * three different bases:no film shall be produced that violates the moral code against people, correct standards of life should be presented, and law shall no be ridiculed
 * 1927- sound with movie in theaters invented
 * hays code ended because it got less enforceable
 * Hays code also was replaced by the motion picture association of America rating system
 * some people think it ended because it just needed more added on to it (more rules)
 * Hays code was invented for self- regulation
 * they did this opposed to government regulation
 * Hays code limited what was morally accepted in film
 * most movies in the mid nineteen fifties and below were under the Hollywood Production Code